3L Guide to Entry-Level Post-Graduate Jobs
What should I be thinking about as I search for a first post-graduate job?
You are beginning a process of reflection, iteration, and transition that may last for years or even decades. But right now, concretely, you will be focusing on choosing a starting point for your public interest career.
Key goals in a first job:
- Develop marketable, transferable skills relevant to the areas of practice you are most interested in and/or your theory of change – e.g., litigation skills (investigations, depositions, motions practice, brief writing), client or community skills (organizing, interviewing, active listening), legislative or regulatory drafting skills, etc.
- Develop substantive knowledge or expertise related to your interest areas
- Build your connections to organizations and practitioners working in fields or locations that may be of short- or long-term interest to you
- As necessary, gain foundational experience that may be required for a specific career path (e.g., fieldwork experience for human rights work)
Keep in mind that you may not be able to meet all of these goals in your first job. However, your first job should help you build some of the skills and experience you will need for the next steps in your career.
Where have HLS 3Ls landed post-graduate public interest positions in the past?
Take a look at where 3Ls have landed jobs since 2015 to get a better sense of the many options available to you and to relieve anxiety you might be feeling about the job search process.
How do I find a post-graduate public interest job?
You can start by checking out our post-grad public interest job search FAQs to get answers on topics such as timing, strategy, and entry-level hiring mechanisms, monitoring our fellowship and entry-level job deadlines feed for the most recent entry-level postings we receive, and using our fellowship application calendar to plan out steps to take for certain fellowship processes. In addition, we have created this guide specifically for the entry-level public interest job search.
timeline
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Step One: Reflect and Plan (2L Fall through 2L Summer)
- Participate in clinics and student practice organizations
- Continue to build your public interest track record
- Build a network within and outside of HLS
- Talk with visiting Wasserstein Fellows, alumni, and other practitioners
- As you engage in classes, clinics, and internships, reflect on your interests and “best fit” work environments
- What have I enjoyed and not enjoyed about my past experiences?
- In what kinds of work environments have I felt the most engaged/fulfilled/challenged?
- What goals do I have for my first few years of practice? Are they realistic?
- What kinds of jobs am I interested in as future opportunities?
- What are my geographic limitations?
- Where do I have the most flexibility/where can I make compromises? In geography, work type, practice setting?
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Step Two: Learn About Entry-Level Hiring Mechanisms, Timelines, and Starting Salaries (2L Fall through 2L Summer)
- Make sure you understand the most common hiring mechanisms for the types of employers that interest you most. Most public interest employers prefer to hire experienced attorneys into open, full-time positions. As a result, a majority of HLS students will start their public interest careers through government honors programs or fellowships. Some employers, like the military, public defenders, prosecutors, certain plaintiffs’ and private public interest law firms (PPILFs), and some civil legal services organizations will hire 3Ls directly.
- Develop as complete a picture as possible of your own expenses based on the cost of living in the region(s) where you are considering working. HLS’ J.D. Student Financial Services (SFS) has compiled various planning tools and tax resources, including a personal finance tool, to help you see your full financial picture.
- Ensure that you have concrete information about the salary you would likely earn in the career path(s) you are considering. To the extent possible, we encourage you to focus not only on immediate post-graduate salaries but on salary trajectories over time.
- Finally, make sure you understand the varying timelines different fields of employers follow when hiring entry-level attorneys or fellows, and make sure to begin your own planning process with those timelines in mind. Note that if you are also pursuing post-graduate clerkships, you may need to begin your public interest job/fellowship and clerkship searches at the same time.
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Step Three: Develop a Personalized Job Search Plan and Timetable (2L Spring)
- Schedule an appointment for general advising to develop a personal post-graduate job search game plan, and for fellowship advising to plan and get support in connection with a fellowship search. During these meetings, you can:
- Discuss the results of your self-reflection (or where you are stuck in the process!)
- Brainstorm about the post-graduate options that might best align with your goals, interests, and geographic preferences, and develop a list of first-choice and stepping-stone options
- Discuss courses and clinics that might be helpful to pursue your 3L year in light of your job search goals
- Ensure that you aren’t drawing your search parameters too narrowly or aren’t missing important hiring mechanisms for the jobs you are most interested in pursuing
- Attend and/or watch the recordings of OPIA’s entry-level job search and fellowship sessions.
- Consult our fellowship application calendar to better understand the fellowships timeline and how to prepare each month during your rising 3L summer and 3L year for the fellowship search.
- Review our common job search mistakes to ensure you will avoid them yourself.
- Schedule an appointment for general advising to develop a personal post-graduate job search game plan, and for fellowship advising to plan and get support in connection with a fellowship search. During these meetings, you can:
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Step Four: Begin Applying for Fellowship Sponsorship for Project-Based Fellowships and for Early Organization-Based Fellowships (2L Spring)
- Review OPIA’s Insiders’ Guide to Successful Fellowship & Grant Applications, our Developing a Fellowship Proposal video, and our sample sponsorship cover letters (located within the 3L Samples).
- Note that fellowship sponsorship deadlines may begin as early as May.
- As you conduct your research on potential sponsoring organizations, be sure to elicit information that answers these questions:
- How well do the organization’s values and goals match your own?
- Are you likely to receive adequate supervision to do the work you are proposing?
- How familiar is the organization with the fellowship application process?
- Is a staff member at the organization available to work with you on the application?
- Has the organization successfully hosted other fellows before?
- Is the organization enthusiastic about you and your project?
- Does the organization plan to sponsor a number of candidates, and if so, where do you rank (note that project-based funders are usually reluctant to support more than one fellow at an organization or in the same department of an organization, and it can weaken your candidacy if the organization is supporting more than one fellow through the process)?
- As relevant, apply for the organization-based fellowships that have spring or early summer deadlines (for example, the Lindsay Fellowship at the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law and the Aryeh Neier Fellowship for work at Human Rights Watch and the ACLU).
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Step Five: Secure Fellowship Sponsorship and Prepare Applications for Fall Fellowships, Government Honors Programs, and Entry-Level Positions with Public Defenders, Prosecutors, and Plaintiff's and Private Public Interest Law Firms (2L Summer)
- Network in the city/field you want to work in to identify potential fellowship sponsors and “hidden” jobs not advertised publicly.
- Update your resume and submit it to be reviewed by an OPIA adviser.
- Select a writing sample to use with fellowship and job applications. If you intend to use a sample from a summer internship or clinical experience, ask permission from your supervisor and make any necessary redactions.
- Continue to follow our fellowship application calendar and work closely with our Fellowships Director for guidance on steps and timing associated with securing a sponsoring organization and preparing fellowship applications.
- Refer to our Insiders’ Guide to Successful Fellowship & Grant Applications, our Developing a Fellowship Proposal video, our sample sponsorship cover letters (located in the 3L Samples), and our sample fellowship applications.
- Build out sufficient time for several rounds of revision with our Fellowships Director, following the fellowship application calendar.
- Consider who you will ask to write any recommendation letters required for specific applications and who you will ask to serve as references. Ask their permission well in advance of submitting an application, and provide them with the information they will need to prepare a letter or serve as a reference for you.
- Review the employers participating in OPIA’s Public Interest Interview Program and the Equal Justice Works (EJW) Career Fair and prepare bids for employers of interest. These programs are particularly important for students seeking employment with government agencies, public defenders, prosecutors, and PPILFs.
- Follow OPIA and EJW guidance on program timelines and requirements; bidding for both programs will open in August.
- Draft cover letters and submit them to be reviewed by an OPIA adviser.
- Prepare materials for and apply to early government honors programs (e.g., historically, the Washington Attorney General’s Office, the Federal Trade Commission, the State Department, and the Department of Justice, though many others will have September deadlines). Submit draft essays and/or cover letters to be reviewed by an OPIA adviser. Make sure you understand the security clearance process, including limitations on past use of drugs such as marijuana.
- Participate in other networking or job fairs (e.g., Lavender Law, the National Black Prosecutors Career Fair, the Hispanic National Bar Association Job Fair) as advertised.
- Stay in touch with OPIA through appointments and drop-in office hours.
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Step Six: Apply for Fellowships, Government Honors Programs, and Entry-Level Positions across Fields (2L Summer through 3L Year)
- Participate in OPIA’s Public Interest Interview Program, the Massachusetts Law School Consortium (MLSC) Government/Public Interest Recruitment Program, the EJW Career Fair, and any other job fairs that may include employers of interest.
- Submit applications throughout the fall, winter, and spring, and keep on top of deadlines by regularly reviewing our fellowship application calendar, our fellowship and entry-level job deadlines feed, and our list of public interest job search boards and databases.
- Submit direct applications to public defenders and prosecutors hiring entry-level trial classes. Most will post applications and conduct interviews in the fall.
- Make sure your materials have been reviewed by an OPIA adviser prior to submission, and double-check them for typos and grammatical errors.
- Continue to network, including with current Wasserstein Fellows, to learn about entry-level options and “hidden” jobs.
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Step Seven: Interview for Fellowships, Government Honors Programs, and Entry-Level Positions across Fields (3L Year)
- Review our guidance on interviewing, our sample interview questions, our sample emails to employers, and our Professionalism Guide for a refresher on how to respond to employer communications.
- Review our information on professional attire in our Professionalism Guide. If you are in need of a professional outfit for an interview, check out the HLS Clerkship and Professional Attire Expense Policy.
- Practice is key! Make an appointment with an adviser for a mock interview, and prepare for any fellowship interview with OPIA’s Fellowships Director.
- If you are interviewing for prosecutor or public defender positions, the process can frequently be intense and can involve on-the-spot hypotheticals, mock client interviews or bail arraignments, or opening statements. Make sure to take advantage of OPIA resources in preparing for your interviews.
- Send thank-you notes (usually an email within 24 hours after your interview).
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Step Eight: Manage Offers and Withdraw Applications (3L Year)
- Congratulations! You’ve received an offer for a post-graduate public interest position and should be proud of the hard work and commitment it took to get here.
- Read our FAQs and guidance on responding to, accepting, and declining offers.
- If you receive an offer, acknowledge it by phone (if the offer was by phone) or email (if the offer was by email) within 24 hours.
- Note that offer protocols may differ across hiring mechanisms (for example, like clerkships, certain fellowships may expect an immediate response to an offer), and make sure you understand the protocols in play for your field or mechanism by speaking to an OPIA adviser or to OPIA’s Fellowships Director, as relevant.
- If you need more time to decide on an offer, you may politely request a reasonable extension.
- Do not accept an offer and then later withdraw. The legal community is much smaller than you may think, and reneging on a job offer can have negative consequences for your career.
- If you receive multiple offers at the same time, or if you have an offer and haven’t heard from your top choice, make an appointment to further discuss your offer with an OPIA adviser.
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Step Nine: Register for the Bar Exam (3L Winter through 3L Spring)
- Review HLS’ Taking the Bar Exam website.
- Work with HLS Student Government to access a free public interest bar review course.
- Register for the bar exam. If you are unsure of which jurisdiction’s bar exam you should take, or don’t yet have a job offer by the time early bar registration deadlines emerge (note that this is common for students seeking public interest work), speak with an OPIA adviser about your individual situation.