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Martha Minow, Education: Constitutional Democracy's Predicate and Product, 73 S. C. L. Rev. 537 (2022).


Abstract: The combination of a global pandemic and global jeopardy to democracies exacerbates deficiencies in American education for children and youth and underscores the critical importance of renewed and amplified investments of resources and ideas. Underinvestment and stark disparities in educational opportunities persist across the nation. Inequities follow zip code and students' family income, and correlate with race and neighborhood, underscoring the differing effects of crime, family fragility, and access to educational opportunities outside of schooling. These matters take on constitutional significance at this time of frailty for many constitutional democracies, including the United States. Actually, America's constitutional democracy both presumes and supports commitments to educating each generation in the knowledge and dispositions to enable self-governance, in theory, as well as equipping successive generations to take on adult employment and family roles. Yet by presuming what is also a goal, the Constitution has not given rise to sturdy recognition of a federal right to education. Recent litigation advocating for constitutional recognition and enforcement of federal educational rights seeks judicial engagement, political action, and public attention. Arguments include historic roots in the views of the framers and national leaders, doctrinal developments in substantive due process and equal protection, and repeated Supreme Court articulations of the unique significance of education to the nation and its form of government. Objections to judicial recognition of a federal right to education can be countered and such a federal right could also be developed through legislation and practice. Work in this vein may stumble when it comes to spelling out the elements and priorities for practice; guided by education's relationship to constitutional democracy, its commitments should include cultivating understanding of facts, reasoned arguments, tolerance for social differences amid membership in communities, and the avenues for political participation and guards against tyranny. Whether enacted through judicial orders or political processes, legal commitments should address the promise and dangers from expanding home schooling and remote-access digital learning while deepening education critical to constitutional democracy.